Tag Archives: Astrophysics

The Eddington Luminosity in Spherical Accretion and Beyond

The Eddington luminosity is the point at which the radiation coming out of an object pushes on the surrounding gas as hard as the object’s gravity pulls it in. Above that luminosity, material near the source is pushed away instead … Continue reading

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How a Molecular Cloud Collapses Into a Star

Making a star means compressing gas by something like twenty-four orders of magnitude. The warm neutral interstellar medium, the ordinary atomic gas between the stars, holds roughly a third of a hydrogen atom per cubic centimetre at a temperature of … Continue reading

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Derivation of the Cosmic-Ray Diffusion Coefficient from Pitch-Angle Scattering

Cosmic rays arrive at Earth from every direction almost perfectly evenly, to about one part in a thousand. That’s a disaster if you wanted to know where they came from, because they’re charged and the Galaxy is magnetised, so whatever … Continue reading

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The rubber sheet gets the geometry right and the mechanism wrong!

You have seen this demonstration. Somebody stretches a rubber sheet over a frame, drops a bowling ball in the middle, and the sheet sags. Then they roll a marble across it and the marble curves toward the bowling ball, maybe … Continue reading

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Deriving the Euler–Lagrange Equation for Particles, Fields, and Curved Spacetime

A good way to understand the laws of motion is not to memorize a separate equation for each situation, but to notice there is really only one trick, and every equation of motion is what falls out when you apply … Continue reading

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The mathematics behind a “wormhole”

Let me tell you something that will sound ridiculous at first. Take a piece of paper. Draw a dot on the left and a dot on the right. The shortest path between them, if you are a little ant walking … Continue reading

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How many solutions of Einstein’s equations are there?

How many solutions does the most beautiful equation in physics have? More than you’d think… probably infinitely many, and most of them will never have names. Continue reading

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On the Consistency of Published M87* Mass Measurements

A useful way to test a black hole spacetime is not only to ask whether one observational method agrees with Kerr, but to ask whether several independent methods agree with each other. In the case of M87*, this question is … Continue reading

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Recent notes on covariance-weighted consistency tests for Kerr parameter estimates

A recurring issue in strong-field tests of General Relativity is the question of how one should compare parameter estimates inferred from genuinely independent observational sectors. In the case of stationary black hole spacetimes, the Kerr hypothesis predicts that all sufficiently … Continue reading

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Inspiral-merger-ringdown consistency tests and the reconstruction of Kerr geometry

One of the more conceptually interesting developments in gravitational wave astronomy is the inspiral-merger-ringdown (IMR) consistency test. At a heuristic level, the idea is rather simple: different sectors of a binary black hole coalescence should reconstruct the same final spacetime … Continue reading

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